|
Sonata form (also ''sonata-allegro form'' or ''first movement form'') is a large-scale musical structure used widely since the middle of the 18th century (the early Classical period). While it is typically used in the first movement of multi-movement pieces, it is sometimes used in subsequent movements as well—particularly the final movement. The teaching of sonata form in music theory rests on a standard definition and a series of hypotheses about the underlying reasons for the durability and variety of the form—a definition that arose in the second quarter of the 19th century.〔Rosen, C (1980) ''Sonata Forms'' (revised ed. 1988), New York, Norton, p. 1.〕 There is little disagreement that on the largest level, the form consists of three main sections: an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation;〔Benward & Saker (2009). ''Music in Theory and Practice: Volume II'', p. 359. Eighth Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-310188-0.〕 however, beneath this, sonata form is difficult to pin down in a single model. The standard definition focuses on the thematic and harmonic organization of tonal materials that are presented in an exposition, elaborated and contrasted in a development and then resolved harmonically and thematically in a recapitulation. In addition, the standard definition recognizes that an introduction and a coda may be present. Each of the sections is often further divided or characterized by the particular means by which it accomplishes its function in the form. Since its establishment, the sonata form became the most common form in the first movement of works entitled "sonata", as well as other long works of classical music, including the symphony, concerto, string quartet, and so on.〔 Accordingly, there is a large body of theory on what unifies and distinguishes practice in the sonata form, both within eras and between eras. Even works that do not adhere to the standard description of a sonata form often present analogous structures or can be analyzed as elaborations or expansions of the standard description of sonata form. ==Defining 'sonata form'== According to the ''Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', sonata form is "the most important principle of musical form, or formal type, from the Classical period well into the 20th century".〔James Webster: 'Sonata form', ''Grove Music Online'' ed. L. Macy (Accessed 27/3/2008), Although the Italian term ''sonata'' often refers to a piece in sonata form, it is essential to separate the two. As the title for a single-movement piece of instrumental music—the past participle of ''suonare'', "to sound," as opposed to ''cantata'', the past participle of ''cantare,'' "to sing"—"sonata" covers many pieces from the Baroque and mid-18th century that are not "in sonata form". Conversely, in the late 18th century or "Classical" period, the title "sonata" is typically given to a work composed of three or four movements. Nonetheless, this multi-movement sequence is not what is meant by sonata form, which refers to the structure of an individual movement. The definition of sonata form in terms of musical elements sits uneasily between two historical eras. Although the late 18th century witnessed the most exemplary achievements in the form, above all from Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, compositional theory of the time did not use the term "sonata form". Perhaps the most extensive contemporary description of the sonata-form type of movement may have been given by the theorist H. C. Koch in 1793: like earlier German theorists and unlike many of the descriptions of the form we are used to today, he defined it in terms of the movement's plan of modulation and principal cadences, without saying a great deal about the treatment of themes. Seen in this way, sonata form was closest to binary form, out of which it probably developed.〔 The model of the form that is often taught currently tends to be more thematically differentiated. It was originally promulgated by Anton Reicha in ''Traité de haute composition musicale'' in 1826, by Adolf Bernhard Marx in ''Die Lehre von der musikalischen Komposition'' in 1845, and by Carl Czerny in 1848. Marx may be the originator of the term "sonata form". This model was derived from study and criticism of Beethoven's piano sonatas. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sonata form」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|